Paradigm Shift in Toxicity Testing and Modeling

Toxicity Testing and the Toxicity Testing and the Current Situation in IRAN

Toxicity Testing and the Toxicity Testing and the Current Situation in IRAN

A mechanistic redefinition of adverse effects - a key step in the toxicity testing paradigm shift.

The efforts of the committee that produced the report on Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century reflected the need to look at the issue of assessing risks to humans from exposure to various chemicals through a lens of 21st century biology. The problem - determining if there is a risk of specific exposures - is as old as humanity; every generation brings its own perspective and tools for examining...

Defibrillation testing: should the paradigm shift?

In 3 decades of clinical use of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing has remained an integral part of the implantation procedure. The prevailing rationale for the routine evaluation of DFTs has been to ensure appropriate sensing of ventricular fibril-lation, system integrity, and effective defibrillation (1–3). Early ICD systems using monophas...

Paradigm Shift

A paradigm shift, suggested by Thomas Kuhn [1], is not just a small change in science, or the modification of a theory. It is a scientific revolution and completely changes the way in which science looks at the world. It often dictates how the public looks at the world. For example, Darwin's theories [2] were intensely debated by scientists and theologians. This debate spilled over into the pub...